Film Theory Documentary: Outcasts

Contemporary Media Analysis

Media is representative of the many aspects of our society today. Media is often used as a vehicle to deliver messages of reality that are often subjective or critical of our society. Revealing critical aspects of our society through media is almost like "cushioning the blow" of the realization of the aspect itself. Media is used to comment on the status and ideology of today. A topic extensively explored was the status of homosexuality in our society. Modern media is slowly progressing to allow these types to become accepted (or at the least, known) in society. Media lets the public know that the issue is there, and with these 'fictional realities' they suggest how they believe the public should react to the issues.

One trend that was repeated through countless presentations was how stereotypes are being broken as our society becomes more modernized. In media we see various amounts of "blurred lines" when it comes to anything representative in our society. We have the blurring of Good vs. Evil, creating the Anti-Hero for example. We even have the stereotypes of man vs woman, and that we can see some very authoritative women and some less "manly" men. These shifts in the social paradigm can represent the growth of our society, as they begin to slowly become more and more progressive in their acceptance of radical ideas.

For the best and worst, I like to see this as positive and negative social commentary. Every media project has a message, and it will either highlight or obscure certain aspects of our society. For the negative side of things, I used reality tv series' such as Bridezillas to show how there is a capitalist social ladder still present in our society. Us "middle class" working people find enjoyment in watching the supposed "upper class" go through catastrophic events in what they want to be their "perfect wedding/party/life/etc." By watching these series', however, we're also almost admitting that the lives of others are genuinely more interesting than our own. This negatively reflects the inconspicuous effects that a capitalist economy has on our society. However positive comments can come through the media as well, such as the significance of family values. In shows such as All American Girl and Modern Family, we see the creators and directors glorifying the importance of family values.

My Top 5 Films

(in order of longest title to shortest)

Saving Private Ryan
Saving Private Ryan is an amazing film by Steven Spielberg and what captures me the most in this movie is its amazing cinematography. From the start, Spielberg pulls you into the midst of a raging battlefield, on the beach of Normandy, France. Although i'm not a big fan of gore, the gory scenes are bearable for me because I became so attached to each of the characters that their death scenes seemed more so emotional rather than violent.















Spirited Away
Miyazaki is the god of directing animated films. Spirited Away has a story line with an interesting characteristics. It's practically a coming of age film with fantastical creatures and spirits, guiding a young girl on learning to become responsible and make mature decisions. What was more surprising was the social commentary around this film. After some research I discovered this film was actually based off of the controversy among children in prostitution in Japan.













Ip Man
Ip Man is an amazing Chinese kung-fu film centered around one of the world's renowned kung-fu teachers. I'm a sucker for underdog-esque kind of films. In this film, Ip Man was a wealthy kung-fu teacher who was moved to poverty after the Japanese invaded their hometown. He was summoned to fight against a Japanese commander who was a big fan of fighting styles. After Ip Man's friend was beaten to death by this commander, Ip Man is enfuriated and rises up to defeat the commander, in honor of his friends and hometown. The fighting choreography and cinematography grasped the sheer beauty of Ip Man's style of Wing Chun, and kept you rooting for him through the whole film.











Chaos
I saw this film with my dad on an airplane a few weeks ago, so I may be a bit biased when I placed this here, but it has every aspect of my "What makes a Great Film" post. The story revolves around a rookie detective partnering up with an ex-cop to track down an accomplished bank robber. The film's full of twists and so much action that every scene feels like the climactic point in the film. The sound design was great, every chase scene full of upbeat, intense music. The sound effects made every scene memorable. The tragic bullet that pierced Wesley Snipes echoed through the scene longer than it normally would. This prolonged sound marked the end of a villain's path of destruction. And the lighting, damn it was amazing. There was an entire scene shot in night, in a cabin in the middle of the woods. We had Statham and Snipes walking in and out of shadows, maintaining an eerie mood throughout the scene, keeping me on my toes. Overall, the movie was great and i'm still getting over such a twist ending.

Old Boy
Old Boy is full of twists and shifts that made me sit and wonder about the film for a good 10 minutes after the end. After building a sympathetic connection with a man who sat in a room alone for most of his life, and suddenly released into the world, I found myself turning on him in the end as we see him paying for his actions that he didn't even knew he committed. The antagonist and protagonist is potentially switched by the end of the movie and I didn't know what to think of after. The narrative was so well thought out, I was struck in awe by the end of it. I could watch that movie 3 times over and would notice a new detail or aspect every time.

What makes a great film?

Lord Flores' List of Great Movie Qualities

1. Narrative

Well I know i'm a sucker for those kind of movies with the plot line that just makes you go "woaaaaah" the minute something so intricate clicks in your brain. I mean the 5-act structure makes for a good movie, but a great one can manipulate that structure in a way, revealing things at the right moment to make your brain explode in the best way possible. Even a simple twist at the very end that makes you rethink the entire movie is what gets me going. I know I've seen this like 5 times already and we went over this in class, but The Piano Tuner is a perfect example of a well-thought narrative, as the beginning creates a multitude of questions that get answered in the end.

2. Sound Design

Now sound design can refer to both sound effects and soundtrack, and if a film nails both of them, then it's definitely a great film in my book. With creating a soundtrack, the sound designer has to establish a certain mood for the scene being shown. And with sound effects, they would have to be convincing or realistic, and have an impact each time it's heard, like an echoing gunshot, or a knockout blow. I find myself to be bit of an audiophile, and if i'm in the theater and my heart's pounding due to some good sound design, I'd be a big fan. Great example: Django Unchained. I was at the edge of my seat, waiting for each gunshot, all while some classic renegade western music is playing in the background, it really immersed me into the film and I enjoyed it quite a bit.

3. Lighting

I wouldn't say that lighting necessarily makes or breaks a film, but when it's incorporated correctly and well-executed, it adds just enough to make me really notice the beauty of a shot. However incorrect lighting such as overexposure and unintentional silhouetting pretty much kills it for me. The educated film student in me is forced to comment on each shot that is just butchered by horrible lighting. Not to self-advertise here, but my last short film "Truth Be Told" had one of its primary focuses on lighting and shadows to establish a mysterious, serious tone. True, it does have its "unglorious" moments when it comes to lighting, but then again we had practically one light to work with, so I would say we did pretty well given our restrictions.

End of Year Reflection

For the independent film research, I felt very strong when connecting the research with my film knowledge. I could analyze the shots and angles in cinematography, pacing and effects in editing, and relate it back to an underlying message, given the research had been conducted well. However, that's where I had some struggles. I couldn't develop the large thematic connections well enough, and it was difficult to research blindly with no focus or goal. When I do end up understanding these thematic connections, I have trouble really analyzing heavy text. Especially the long articles with convoluted vocabulary and messages.

I thought I did well on the Oral Presentation. My strengths were being able to create a fluid outline that I could follow easily, so I could flow through the oral. I guess why I was able to do well on this assignment rather than the independent research script was the comparison aspect of the script. With the oral presentation, I just had to delve into analysis written on Psycho. There was more difficulty in analyzing two lesser known films, and trying to be able to connect them. Knowing that next year it will be performed one-on-one with Mr. Bigue, I guess I'll need to practice more to get it down in the first try.

Production. The most tedious, yet most entertaining. There's a sense of pride that I achieve with each new segment, film, or documentary being completed. I was really able to explore into directing and editing this year. Next year I plan to get into more creative cinematography in my projects. What I would really love is to get to work with a DSLR. There are so many trade-offs with switching to any DSLR. There comes up audio syncing issues, and many manual settings that have to be dealt with. However these trade-offs are so worth the filmic quality that comes out of using these. Being a novice with a DSLR, if I do get use one of these next year, I think a good crash course on DSLR do's and don'ts would be great enough to get me started on using them. I'm really looking to invest in one within the next few years anyway.

Independent Research Script Reflection

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1uLvJoo8uPG0cvyKz1OLsiV5YGtvLFJIGrjNcc_WpPN8/edit

Sadly, my research script wasn't finished. For history, theory and genre topic, I felt that this script had the potential to dig very deep into the genre of crime films in general, but my difficulty to acquire research had left me with such a mental block that I didn't know what basis to come off of when analyzing. I didn't research well into theory or history of this genre in particular, and I felt very lost when I was confronted with the script itself. If I haven't learned by now, research is definitely the key to accomplishing these scripts.

With the target audience, I imagined the documentary as one of those interesting Netflix documentaries you find late at night that seem so interesting, yet never heard of. Then again, when's the last time any young-adult heard about a documentary being advertised? I know I've only heard about a select few important, interesting, and fairly controversial documentaries but that's about it. I don't think my general argument would have been very appealing to the viewer, so I hoped to convey it in interesting ways, seen through my opener, for example.

Speaking of structure, I used the opener as a sort of hook while establishing the genre of the films i'm focusing on. I made up a mini chase scene while incorporating shots of the other movies into it with similar shots. My downfall did end up being the research, therefore my sources weren't the greatest. They did offer some superficial information, but I couldn't read far enough into the good sources to find the best information for use in my script.

I spent time trying to make the video aspect of the film be just as important as the audio aspect. Knowing that the audio would be simply describing most of the analysis, I tried my best to use the video to support this analysis. On the script, I simply reinforce the analysis with the clips from the movies being analyzed. Aside from the opener, I couldn't think of creative visual shots including the narrator. I planned to juxtapose certain shots to point out their similarities. Also putting up the movie posters visually wouldn't be too bad. I would say with what I have, the video and audio are clearly linked, but obviously incomplete.

I wasn't able to build my analysis enough to relate it back to my research question, being "How do the techniques of crime films reveal the humane qualities within an individual?". This was mainly due to the lack of building analysis, which ultimately stems back to my poor job as a researcher. I made few insightful comparisons. I knew in cinematography I wanted to talk about the use of long shots, belittling the character in a way, posing them as insignificant.

Brazilian Cinema and City of God

A main ideological topic conveyed in the film is obviously the controversy surrounding violence. When and in what conditions is it acceptable? The film conveys that in the Brazilian slums, violence is the only means of achieving anything. For example, I remember the conversation among the Runts, talking about how they will never move up in rank if they joined the drug trade. Instead they decided that they would want to kill some people to move up in this hoodlum hierarchy.

A blatant historical and political influence is the gang violence in Brazil, as depicted in the film. Surely they may not be a story surrounding a young aspiring photographer who utilized photography as a way out of the slum, but definitely this violence exists and should not be ignored. It's proven especially with the identical television interview with the real life "Knockout Ned", copied shot for shot, line for line, the only difference being the actor portraying Ned.

The Brianair review stated that although being based on a current issue, the film makers "do not provide any political reference points or background-- the 'sixties', the 'seventies' are just chapter headings that don't explain what was going on in Brazilian society that created these slums"

City of God: Cinematic Portrayal of Violence

"If this is His city, what Hell look like?"

"One wants to steal the loot; after all, the youth are only 'niggers and thieves'; the other wants simply to 'exterminate' the men. This dialogue, coupled with the image of the men huddled primitively in the tree branches, calls attention to the way in which they have been dehumanized by the state and by the discourse of the media"

City of God is a film directed by Fernando Meirelles, and it depicts the troubled lives of those living in the Brazilian favelas, surrounded by gangs, drugs, and incessant violence. The portrayal of violence in City of God is shown through our narrator, Rocket, who is subject to this violence growing up in the favelas of Brazil. Rocket grows up to photograph the horrors of the violence of his city to bring it to the attention of the media. The narrative is very character driven, as Rocket narrates the actions and history of almost every key character in the film. This individual characterization allows the audience to witness the development of each character, building a connection or sympathy that leads the audience to either completely detest every action they make, or exemplify their deaths or tragic outcomes. However, through such intimate characterization, the film manages to completely dehumanize every action of the gang violence, referring to the horrors being carried out by "'niggers and thieves'". This is how Meirelles' directing effectively creates a complex narrative, as the audience starts out with a small personal issue of money and power between a few individuals, and it relates back to a larger scale act of gang violence and drug trade in Brazilian favelas.


"The favela is on one level a defined space with specific geography, straight rows of houses and repeated locations. On another level, it is a landscape with violent and incomprehensible qualities. In chase sequences, for example, camera angles are repeatedly reversed, confusing direction and space."

The cinematography of the film significantly adds to the chaos and discord resulting from the violence in this film. As stated above, the "camera angles are repeatedly reversed, confusing direction and space". It's camera movements like these that creates that sense of being lost in the favelas. The issue of the whole situation is almost "incomprehensible", especially to those affected by it. Rocket just accepts all the violence and chaos as he grew up with a brother who was a hood. The exposure to the violence is enough to force individuals to accept it.

“The audience sees bodies falling, or lying on the ground, but the editing is rapid and generally cuts immediately away. The audience doesn't see the blood or tearing of flesh that we assume must accompany events. “

The editing indeed contributes to this sort of dehumanizing violence. The lack of "blood or tearing flesh" is what signifies how the people affected by it accept this violence. It happens so commonly around them there is no need to observe and sympathize with the corpse of the unfortunate. One of the possibly few gruesome death scenes that were emotionally attached were the deaths in the brothel during "The Sixties". It was in this scene that the shot was held particularly long, in order to set the tone of the violence-intensive film that the audience would begin to delve into.

Psycho Commentary

Self-Evaluation

20/25

16–20 There is a coherent and detailed analytical evaluative interpretation of the extract, displaying

a good understanding of how meaning is constructed through the use of film language and a

good awareness of the extract’s relationship to the film as a whole. There is a clear

explanation for the selection of the extract. The critique shows a good awareness of the film’s

genre, its place in a broader sociocultural context, and gives a sound analysis of the director’s

intention. There may be brief elements of description but analysis will be thorough.

I gave myself a 20 because my commentary is coherent and somewhat detailed in the analytic perspective. I was able to interpret much of the meaning behind what was in my extract, from the cinematography, to the editing, and role in narrative structure. However I didn't necessarily go in-depth into the different aspects, as they related to director's purpose and intention. There is broad mentioning of sociocultural aspects in Psycho. I also related genre to the historical context of the film's place in time as well, as how Psycho transformed the idea of horror films.

Film Language and Representation

Film Language and Representation

(Only second half of my extract)

The extract I have chosen was the cleanup and hiding of Marion Crane's body and car, which took place after the notorious shower murder (starts at 55:00). The character being focused on in this scene is Norman Bates, as he disposes of Marion's body by storing it in her trunk along with her other belongings. Bates then drives the car to a nearby swamp and sinks it, thus hiding all evidence. This event finalized the end of Marion Crane and how the plot shifts full focus on Norman Bates.

Anthony Perkins' acting really sells the character of Norman Bates here. At this point in the film (having no prior knowledge) one would believe that Norman's mother is the murderer, and within the first two minutes he plays the role of innocent son defending his mother. The action in which he wraps the shower curtain is executed so cleanly, carefully, and professionally. Even around a minute in, he cautiously checks around as cars pass by, really portraying that innocent and shocked character. No one would have guessed that he's the psychotic antagonist behind this film all along. However, when he reaches the swamp, his character begins to gain that sinister tone behind him. The way he menacingly watches over the sinking car brings forward only dark undertones.

The cinematography of this scene really conveys the shift from innocence to morbidity within the plot of Psycho. With the body-wrapping scene, Hitchcock hides the body itself from our view as it's being wrapped in the shower curtain. If we were to have seen the body, the film would be too gruesome and would be a bit too gruesome too early. However as we reach the swamp again, right after the car is shown sinking, it cuts to a close-up of Norman Bates' sinister face looking down upon the lost evidence. The low angle close-up gives the audience a sense of power within Norman Bates, as he makes the car (and Marion) seem inferior to him. 

The editing supports each theme being represented, as pacing and shot selection can be potential factors altering how these themes are conveyed. For example, we see that Tomasini (editor) liked to switch between the shot of Norman's face looking down on the swamp and the car sinking. This constant switch made the scene a little uneasy, as it kept cutting to a previous shot, and as viewers, have to watch the car completely sink (which i'm sure stops at one point then continues).

The lighting within this extract was very powerful in its use of cast shadows seen on Norman's face as he looks upon the car. These shadows drag across half of his face, which conveys a dark, mysterious look. The mystery behind his character pretty much sets up the anticipation for the rest of the film, as we lean toward Bates being the murderer, rather than his mother.

Great orchestral work was performed all throughout Psycho, even in these minor 5 minutes. To reinforce the eerie, mysterious theme of the cleanup, it was perfect timing in which the bass cello came in. However as he picks up the shower curtain and places Marion in the trunk, the music goes silent. All that is heard is the ruffling of the shower curtain in which Marion is wrapped in. The isolation of the shower curtain noise evokes  
an unsettling scene, in which the audience tends to only imagine the horror of the corpse that lays in the curtain. The sharp violins re-accompany the bass as Bates loads up the trunk with Marion's belongings. These noises are only a bit soft at this point, however completely goes silent as he's sinking the car. This also unsettles the audience and causes more attention to the expressions of Bates as the car goes down.

One setting of this extract that is worth mentioning is that of the swamp. When the car begins to sink, the setup of this shot has elements in the foreground, middleground, and background. The openness of the elements in the shot guide our eyes toward the middle, where the car is placed.

The emotional information conveyed gives the audience a sort of glimpse into the mind of Norman Bates. Knowing of Marion Crane's past, and contrasting it with the initial innocence we see with Norman, there is almost a form of sympathy for Norman. I know personally that I didn't feel any remorse for Marion as that car slowly sank to the bottom of the swamp. The mood of this scene is very pivotal to the plot, as Hitchcock slowly transitions the plot focus onto Norman through this scene. 

Psycho: Socio-Cultural Context

Psycho: Socio-Cultural Context

Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho represents the culture of 20th century America. This film serves more as a representation of the progression of cinema as of the 20th century. The new innovations of this era of film included the introduction to sound and even color films. However with these new innovations came repercussions, seen through issues against censorship. Hitchcock daringly fought against these standards through his use of women's lingerie and even using the first American film scene including a flushing toilet. These actions were very bold at the time, causing quite a shock to the initial audience. However, Hitchcock couldn't beat them all, and chose to do the film in black and white for two reasons. One, the budget was aimed to be under $1 million (turned out to cost $800,000), and two, he made the directorial choice because he believed that Psycho in color would be too gory for American cinema at the time.


Hitchcock was a London-born filmmaker, moved to America. "Relying heavily on what he thought of as his intimate knowledge of the British countryside, cityscape, and audience and character psychology, he nevertheless described himself, with great pride, as an American-trained cinematic artist, brought up on the style and production methods of American filmmaking." Hitchcock declares himself as an American filmmaker, although he could be declared a pioneer in stretching the standards for American cinema, with his knowledge of British filmmaking.

Hitchcock's Psycho was seen as an important forerunner to the "slasher" sub-genre of horror. The film's knife-wielding and mentally disturbed killer, twist ending and 'stalking' camera technique proved influential on films to come.

Psycho: Narrative and the Film Extract

Psycho: Narrative and the Film Extract

On release, Hitchcock himself sparked an interesting advertising campaign claiming that Psycho could only be seen from the very beginning of the film.
"We won’t allow you to cheat yourself. You must see PSYCHO from the very beginning. Therefore, do not expect to be admitted into the theatre after the start of each performance of the picture. We say no one — and we mean no one — not even the manager’s brother, the President of the United States, or the Queen of England (God bless her)!"
It's obvious this was to preserve the authenticity of the film's convoluted plot structure. Also it highlights Hitchcock's ability to manipulate the minds of the audience through narrative. The film is constructed in some odd 2-part/3-part narrative. The reason I say this is that Hitchcock purposely sets the beginning of the narrative as setup following Marion Crane. The audience is led to believe that the film would follow Ms. Crane and her trying to escape with the money, our MacGuffin at the moment. Her character is played so well that it is believed that Ms. Crane would be the "Psycho". Up until the pivotal shower scene, is when the plot takes a drastic turn. Ms. Crane being missing becomes the new MacGuffin that propels the plot. Over the course of this act structure we see developing traits in Norman Bates as we follow the string of murders.

The narrative is propelled by plot as each event has a cause-and-effect sequence to it. For example, after the private eye is killed, the curiosity and worry of Ms. Crane's boyfriend and sister cause them to head to the sheriff and later on the motel itself. The MacGuffin also propels the story as we follow the money as it leads to the downfall of Marion Crane. 

Psycho: Historical and Institutional Influences

Historical and Institutional Influences in...

Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho

Alfred Hitchcock "did not merely work within a medium but utterly transformed it." Hitchcock is definitely an  important figure on the evolution of cinema, and there were certain factors that led him to be the auteur we recognize him as. 

For one, early in Hitchcock's exposure to cinema, he developed a fancy towards German expressionism on a trip to Germany. As a producer, Hitchcock has developed and adapted German expressionism into his films such as in The Lodger (1972) with the "fascination with heightened emotional states, the imaginative coordination of set design and camerawork, and an almost musical rhythm to the sequence of shots". A second institutional factor rising during the time of Hitchcock's films was the development of sound in cinema. Hitchcock himself despised using dialogue as a safety-net for producing "good films". "He was not adverse to witty dialogue—his scripts were always remarkably literate—but the dialogue itself served as an accompaniment to visual storytelling and not as a substitution for it."

Hitchcock's Psycho was an accurate depiction of time in the 1950s - early 60s. Although the film's plot was unoriginal (as it was based off of Robert Bloch's novel of the same name), it was based off of the story of Ed Gein from Wisconsin. Psycho also broke all film conventions by displaying Marion having a lunchtime affair in her sexy white undergarments in the first scene and killing her a third of the way into the film. Hitchcock also began terming the plot device known as the 'MacGuffin', the thing or device that motivates the characters, or propels the plot and action. As it's used in Psycho, the MacGuffin would be either the sum of $40,000 stolen by Marion, or further on in the film, the murder of Ms. Crane herself. 

Psycho: Genre and Audience

Alfred Hitchcock's famous Psycho (1960) was a great representation of the film's genre and Hitchcock's style. Psycho was Hitchcock's suspense/horror creation, further noted as a potential psychological thriller. Evidence of this sub-genre exists within the presence of a mentally unstable main character. The abundance of shadows and darkness within the scenes portray a heavy horror theme throughout the film. This low lighting creates fear and anxiety within the viewer. As someone once said, "What we fear most is the unknown"

Other works that influenced or connected to Hitchcock's Psycho could include Les Diaboliques (1955) This was another suspense thriller movie that was initially offered to Hitchcock, but ended up in the hands of Henri-Georges Clouzot. It's basically the story of an abused wife who kills her husband, only to be haunted by his reincarnation. This psychological thriller seemed to have many aspects that were incorporated into Hitchcock's Psycho. Hitchcock even decided to shoot the film in black and white, not only to maintain his own self-sufficient budget, but also seen as homage to other pre-Psycho thriller films such as Les Diaboliques, The Night of the Hunter, and Touch of Evil

Hitchcock was the director of this film. However, although Hitchcock was signed with Paramount Studios, Paramount didn't like anything about the story and said that the novel was "too repulsive" and "impossible for films". Hitchcock resorted to funding the movie through his own "Shamley Productions". Hitchcock made this because his previous production was scrapped due to a main actress having to take a maternity leave.

From Silents to Studio' Golden Years

Part 1: Explore how the inclusion of sound in the movie pictures impacted the Movie Industry. Detail how it happened, who was effected, what was lost. 

Sound in the movie industry was definitely revolutionary as it was introduced. Probably could be compared to the 3D of its time. Everybody out there was making sound films. Because of this, the quality of good films began to drop. For example, when only silent films were around, cameras were more mobile and could be carried around more easily. However when sound was introduced, cameras had to be put in refrigerator-like boxes to avoid capturing the sound of film clicking. These boxes hindered the ability to have movies be as mobile as they used to. Many filmmakers decided that the trade-off of sound for film quality was well worth it, but looking back from now, there was definitely need for change. 

Part 2: The 20 years between 1930 and 1950 are generally recognized as the studio years. Describe what the pros and cons were of this factory system.

Studios were large film making organizations dedicated to creating the top films of the era. Among these studios were MGM, Warner Brothers, Paramount, etc. Pros were that the newly incorporated studio system was able to utilize an organized and constant release of new films. However, the studio system wasn't as great as you could imagine. Actors had to work under contract for these studios and were forbidden to work with any other studio. This limited the potential for actors to explore there talents and try a vast range of roles in films.

Writing About Film

1. What are the 5 kinds of film writing described in the article and what are the key details of each?

 In this article, 5 different types of film writing are described. Formal Analysis is a form of film writing where the writer analyzes different components of the film and how they come together and create a central idea or contribute to the film as a whole. Film History writing focuses on the history of a film and its influence on and from history itself. Ideological Papers analyze films that pertain to a central belief or set of beliefs, and how the film goes about portraying these messages. Cultural Studies/National Cinemas discuss the differences between the films of a different culture and how certain trends represent or portray their country or culture in film. Discussion of the Auteur criticizes the ability of how a single person (most often the director) can incorporate his/her own unique vision into a film and cause the finished product to be recognized as a film of a certain auteur's perspective.

2. What does “Annotating a Film Sequence” involve and what are it’s benefits?

Annotating a Film Sequence is when one takes a certain scene from a film and breaks down its components and identify the effect of each component of the film. It also helps explain how each effect contributes to the film as a whole. One would start by taking the scene and labeling each individual shot. Labeling each shot helps keep track of the complex shot sequences, and when reviewed, will uncover possible patterns or certain editing decisions.

3. What does the author imply when she says to “Think Beyond the Frame?”

To "Think Beyond the Frame" is not to think solely about the film, but instead, about what happens behind the scenes and notice the effort and reason into placing certain content within the film to make it its own. Identifying the director and noticing patterns or trends in his work can contribute to a nice film writing assignment. Production history of the film can help one realize what potential a film has given its certain conditions (budget, casting, writing, etc.) If one reads what critics and scholars have to say about the film, it will become easier to make observations because one could narrow down their observation around what the critics or scholars have appreciated or disliked. A film's genre plays a role in helping one identify limitations of the genre, and how certain filmmakers decide to enforce, or stretch these limitations. Lastly, cultural phenomenon can be seen in certain films which helps add to a message or thesis one might have in a piece of film writing.